If someone could tell me how it works ? Do you write up a document ? design a excel table ? I’m really baffled by this cause procurement is not the calculations and organization of cost materials which falls under the category of "Quantity Surveying" or "Estimating", the Construction Procurement phase is a lot more different and confusing to me is there any examples out there ? Templates ? completed Document Examples ? is anyone aware of any or can share with me kindly ?.

I just don’t know where to start from cause I know procurement stage also has subcategories of procurement such as Long Lead Procurement, Material Procurement, Contract Procurement, Etc. Sighs. I’m hoping if anyone can share examples of documentation how procurement completely works in the construction industry.

Thanks In advance!

Purchasing or `Procurement’ as you put it is very similar in most industries it varies depending on the value of and the type goods or services being purchased. Large companies may have central procurement staffs to buy items that are common to all their projects but have more discrete supply contracts for say project specific items (e.g. internal fittings, one off items). Small companies may just order what they what from their preferred builders merchant. Its common for companies to have special arrangements with their preferred suppliers and service providers so that they get a good service and receive discounted prices and do not have to hold large stocks of their own.
However, perhaps what you really want to know though is where you contract for a complete service. In this case one would tender using an Output Based Specification. If you search online you can find examples of OBS See:http://www.ogc.gov.uk/outputs_and_outcomes_output_based_specification.asp

earlier this year i worked for a man, like a freelancer, he asked me to create a php game, a project management system and things like that, and he disappeared, just like that, i don’t know where he is

the 2nd time, a man asked me to write article and teach people in his institution some hacking techniques and how to protect against it, and he kept saying i need more, this articles is not good enough so i left because i had enough and i can’t ask for money because he didn’t accept my articles.

the 3rd time, a man who works in a arabic tv asked me to create a media streaming on the website so i spend about 2 weeks preparing for the project and he disappeared.

and now i had a client, he wanted a website, I did it exactly how he wanted and never asked a question, i presented 4 templates to him, other than the one he asked for, and when i did everything, he said well my dad didn’t like it, i mean the guy is about 25 years old, and he said my dad didn’t like it!! what would you say?

I’m not gonna create a website for anyone anymore even if they offer me 30000$ i’ve had enough i don’t trust no one, did that ever happened to you and what you did?
i never give any source code to my client, i don’t buy them a domain name until they pay, i host there project on one of my sites so they can see it, but no one has paid me for freelancing yet and i quit! no more freelancing, and i tried freelancer.com didn’t like it ether, you have more luck winning the lottery than getting a job on freelancer and the clients go cheap…i quit, i wanna focus on my sites and my sites only

Ya, its always better to ask for a contract I read a great article recently on freelancing.
Unfortunetly I can’t find the link to it anymore. But I will give you the jist about what he wrote. Basically he had a portfolio page and asked potential clients to check it out. This gave them an impression about him. Then when he took a contract he always detailed exactly what it entitled, he will contact them with updates on the work at so and so time. He will need a percentage upfront. he informed that this is a contractual agreement, that they were dedicated to project and won’t skip out. This lost alot of clients he admitted but saved him from people who took and ran. He never gave the completed source files untill he got full payment. He gave them only screenshots of the completed work. He also charged an hourly rate, and told them beforehand it will take so any hours if they didn’t ask for modifications. Modification are also on the same time.

Basically he was saying he reached where he is today by being upfront with his clients. This allowed him to secure contracts with people who are dedicated to seeing it through and not wasting his time. Anyway I do remember seeing the article if I remember on psdtuts.com But It was quite a few months back.

Edit:
LoL, Can’t blame you. Doing all the work and not getting paid for it. But it doesn’t mean you don’t have to throw away all the work. You can sell the templates you made on template websites, and sell the logos you made on logo websites. Hence re-use your already made work for profit.

Anyway checkout the 2nd link. At least bring you a smile. Especially Bosses from hell.

I’ve set up a template word document for work which will be used as a standard template in the department (it’s a project management protocol). The front page will list some key information ie:
Project name
Project lead
Ref. number
Version of the document

What I’d also like to do is have a header which includes this same information. Obviously this could be manually typed into the header by copying the information already typed, but I’d like to know if it’s possible to streamline the process. So here’s my question:

If you type something (eg. project name) into the main body of the word document, can you get Word to automatically put this same information into the header?

This way if the info is edited in the main body it’s automatically updated in the header which will reduce the amount of errors.

Can anyone help? Even if it’s just to say ‘no it’s not possible’, although obviously a way to do it would be preferable!!

Thanks

You should really just hire an IT Pro to get this sort of stuff done. It’s technical to implement correctly, but the simplicity and efficiency benefits of doing it correctly will far outweigh the costs of getting the right people for the job. Why try to fix your company car yourself, when you know your company depends on it, and there are pros who’ve dedicated their lives to learning all the intricacies of the job?

Anyway… what you’re REALLY looking for is a project management tool, together with a version control system.

If you’re trying to do it yourself, look into something like SVN hosting + textual documents (such as HTML + an HTML-to-PDF converter) rather than word documents, along with something like Trac to log version changes and track the overall project. I doubt you’ll succeed on your own, though, even with this watered-down suggestion.

I’m listing some consultants below, if you’d prefer to do it right.

Oh, and alternatively, there are some other solutions you could try, though they don’t really address the fundamental goal well:

* Use HTML (or any other kind of textual) documents together with a preprocessor, which will let you use variables in your documents
* Define and use custom properties in Microsoft Word: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa537154%28v=office.11%29.aspx
* Define and use variables in Microsoft Word: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/306281
* Use an advanced document preparation tool, like LaTeX
* Use a database together with reports

REALLY though, this is consultant territory. Just contact a pro.

GOODS OR SERVICES AND PRODUCTION PROCESS
My proposed services have advantages over those affected by my competitors because it may expand professional Web sites, principles, and economic version. I believe my company will have benefits of selling and buying products online, or anywhere else. My company is a service company.
A. The service will be provided by the interests of consumers and management. I would have about a few people with special and strong sense of business needs and experiences. There are also management services including ecommerce software, web design, and marketing, where customers shop online with their own shopping cart.

MARKETING STRATEGY GUIDELINES
A. Target Market:
Erin Wright(Female)
Undergraduate student
Senior of college
Interests: Travel: U.S. and International

Michel Labonte (Male)
Ph. D student
25 years or over
Interests: job inquiries ,expertise requests, reference requests, getting back in touch

Sara Harte (Female)
Graphic Design student
18 years or over
Interests: career opportunities, getting back in touch

COO at SD Angel Productions (Female)
27 years old
Interests: motorcycles, MMA fighting, Football, gymnastics, capoiera, trying new foods and restaurants, traveling, writing, dancing, and walking down the runway in fashion
shows.

Students at Bedford High School
Grade levels: 9-12
Education
Interests: special needs

B. Customers needs: card purchase, shopping cart online, templates, multimedia, bookmarks
Customers wants: part design, templates, professional service

C. Pricing:
Templates: $300
Site Maintenance: 5 hours(60$ per hour)
Standard: $35 per month
The reason I have chosen those pricing options is because I am willing to make anything cheaper in case of incoming increasing prices during hours. My competitors pricing strategy is a little expensive from housing and building items.

D. Distribution: I will sell to customers directly over the Internet. The suppliers, who manage to sell the products online may turn them in to me and I would give the cash back to the sellers. Additionally, I would use a credit or debit card to buy back products. I wish I had my own warehouse, but I will not.

E. Promotion strategy
1. Determining the products
a. expensive or cheap
b. unused items
c. out of items

2. Buying items
a. anything cheaper and better

3. Types of Advertising
a. online ads
b. public search engine ads
c. business ads

4. Positive relationships
a. good services
b. improving needs or wants

C. agreements
* Keeping up with customers order
* Keeping up the time

F. E-Business
* My company will have a Web site. People who registered as a member will visit the Web site.
* It will look like personal site with personal business templates. The information of advertisements, instructions, prices, products, and goods will be brought in.
* The site members with the knowledge of selling anything that is already used or
inconvenient may sell products over the Internet.
* I will email the customers by giving specific welcome for my company and have them to check out the items. Then, I will let them know by asking customers to buy products online.

APPENDIX
To: Customer
From: Team Management
Subject: Business

Experiences: Radiology, Project manager
Interests: Sales, Marketing, and Accounting
Education: St. Louis University of Medication

REFERENCES
1) The Design Company 2011 from http://www.thedesigncompany.com/
2) NASDAQ Stock market http://www.nasdaq.com 11-15-09
3) Types of Advertisements, http://drypen.in/ @ 2010, retrieved 2011
4) Advertising http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising retrieved 2-20-11
5) Web Designers in the United States, @ 2011 Business.com, Inc.
6) Low-fat cats design Dallas web design and development, @ 2010-2011 lowfatcats.com
7) Daniel Kehrer, Editor, Business.com Internet @ 2011
Link Pages Internet Corkboard @2011, InternetCorkboard.com
9) Web By Design, Inc. Bring Your Site to Life : info@webbydesign.com
10) net Gurus Website Design Competition @ 2008 netGurus, LLC
11) eCommerce Professional, Solid Cactus @ 2011 Web.com Group, Inc., Brand
12) FB freebert.com support@freebert.com/
13) DonorsChoose.org An online charity connecting you to classrooms in need @2000-2011
14) delicious from Yahoo http://www.delicious.com/
15) Cynthia D. Hollingsworth, Indiana University IUPUI, @ 2006-2009 http://www.iupui.edu/~webtrain/internet.html

If you have any comments, please let me know.

Looks amazing and I can just tell that you will be a success.

I joined up about 7 months ago and took over for more of a graphic designer than a web developer/administrator that worked at home. She had worked for the company for around 5ish years as far as I can tell. Anyway, I have drastically improved 2 of their largest websites and made it manageable by one to two people, I am lowering costs by changing hosting providers (from around $150/month to $15!!) and, according to my boss/manager, I am "doing things 10x faster and better than the previous employee". I do everything from running Google AdWords campaigns to building PHP and MySQL driven sites, Video Editing to animation, hosting administration to client and invoice management. Also, this company is and has been funded by a hotel with 3 other business funded by the hotel.

I started at a mere $9/hr (only because it was better than nothing) until I "proved myself" (I’m only 20). I got him to bump me up to $9.50/hr 4 months later and then he said he would bump me up again to $10/hr Jan 1st. When it came to Jan 1st he came up with a BS reason, and I quote "not yet, we need to start the income push! before r able to bump u…u r worth it but I can’t sink the ship before we start bringing in some money". I don’t know if he realizes this, but that extra $0.50 cents is only around $100 more a month at full time. This, more or less, killed my motivation for all projects and actually got me looking at other opportunities.

Since he came up with that reason, I started keeping track of all work done for all of the companies related business, since this was not normally billed, but I wanted to treat them as clients. On average, just the related business cover my monthly wages. I presented this information to him and he just blew it off like it was nothing and said something along the lines of "but it’s not making us money". Technically, it isn’t income, but if the hotel, the coffee shop and the cleaning business were actual clients, it should be considered "income".

My boss/manager is also the salesperson/marketing manager and is supposed to be out there getting new clients. So far the past 2 months he says he will start the next month. Instead, he is just trying to go after current clients. In a way, I am the one being punished for him not getting clients.

Another issues is that he does a LOT of trades and calls them "perks" for me and then if I use the "perk" he comes back and says "well I did this for you, you do this for me?" To me that is not along the lines of a "perk".

In short, I have looked elsewhere and I should/could be making $40k a year minimum for all the responsibilities.

I want to know how I could tell my boss that I could be making "this" much elsewhere with half the responsibility. Any websites or info greatly appreciated. I would preferably want to write a formal letter to him, so any templates also appreciated.

Okay so you’re doing a fantastic job and you have really made a difference in the company. But, don’t tell your boss anything…yet. If you tell him that you "could" be making so much more elsewhere, then he might just say, "well you’re free to go if you can make that much more". You have to be careful because you really have to prove it. And there’s really no reason to write such a letter when you could be telling him the exact same thing in person.

If you know for sure you could be making much more $$, then you should apply for those companies. Your boss doesn’t sound so great, especially if he seems to think that you should be getting new clients. And then there are the so-called perks. He is someone who always has to even things up, and get his $9.50 out of you. So, ask yourself if you feel used at this place and don’t feel appreciated…I’ll bet the answer is yes. Time to make a career move and get into a place who will not only appreciate you but will better compensate you. Get another job first, then tell your current boss how much $$ they’re starting you at!! Good luck.

Q. 2 Consider the following Relations:

Student(rollno: integer, sname: string, major: string, level: string, age: integer)
Class(cname: siring, meets at: string, room: string, fid: integer)
Enrolled(rollno.- integer, cname: string)
Faculty(fid: integer, fname: string, deptid: integer)

The meaning of these relations is straightforward; for example, Enrolled has one record per student-class pair such that the student is enrolled in the class.

Write the following queries in SQL. No duplicates should be printed in any of the answers.

1.Find the names of all Juniors (level = JR) who are enrolled in a class taught by Mr.Kushal.

2.Find the age of the oldest student who is either a History major or enrolled in a course taught by Ms.Indira.

3.Find the names of all classes that either meet in room R128 or have five or more students enrolled.

4.Find the names of all students who are enrolled in two classes that meet at the
same time.

5.Find the names of faculty members who teach in every room in which some class is taught. (5 Marks)

Q. 3Produce an E-R diagram, which documents the entities and relationships involved in the Loan Management System module of any Nationalized Bank. Create a relational schema to hold the necessary information. Identify the tables, perform normalization to the tables and fully implement the code with necessary validations using MS-Access / FOXPRO / DBASE or any other similar package. Provide necessary documentation and coding for the project.

Q4 Design a multimedia package that helps in teaching: Control Statements in C Programming.

You must follow the standard methodology for development of multimedia. You must fill up various templates required for the development of Multimedia. (Refer Unit 4 of your CS-66 course material)
Present a prototype of your design using MS-Office tools. Your multimedia package should include at least 10 slides having suitable graphics, simple animation and few audio clips. (Audio clips need not be recorded professionally but can be recorded using built in microphone of simple multimedia computer. Make assumptions wherever necessary.
Q5 Construct an E-R diagram for attendance maintenance system for BCA. Create 1st Normal Form tables from the ER diagram. Identify all the functional dependencies and normalize your table design to 3rd Normal Form. Make and state suitable assumptions, if any.

Q5 Construct an E-R diagram for attendance maintenance system for BCA. Create 1st Normal Form tables from the ER diagram. Identify all the functional dependencies and normalize your table design to 3rd Normal Form. Make and state suitable assumptions, if any.Q6

Don’t post your homework. No body is interested to work on your behalf. Do it yourself.

______________________________
www.opensourcenuts.com

A lecture by Michael Crichton
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, CA
January 17, 2003

My topic today sounds humorous but unfortunately I am serious. I am going to argue that extraterrestrials lie behind global warming. Or to speak more precisely, I will argue that a belief in extraterrestrials has paved the way, in a progression of steps, to a belief in global warming. Charting this progression of belief will be my task today.

Let me say at once that I have no desire to discourage anyone from believing in either extraterrestrials or global warming. That would be quite impossible to do. Rather, I want to discuss the history of several widely-publicized beliefs and to point to what I consider an emerging crisis in the whole enterprise of science-namely the increasingly uneasy relationship between hard science and public policy.

I have a special interest in this because of my own upbringing. I was born in the midst of World War II, and passed my formative years at the height of the Cold War. In school drills, I dutifully crawled under my desk in preparation for a nuclear attack.

It was a time of widespread fear and uncertainty, but even as a child I believed that science represented the best and greatest hope for mankind. Even to a child, the contrast was clear between the world of politics-a world of hate and danger, of irrational beliefs and fears, of mass manipulation and disgraceful blots on human history. In contrast, science held different values-international in scope, forging friendships and working relationships across national boundaries and political systems, encouraging a dispassionate habit of thought, and ultimately leading to fresh knowledge and technology that would benefit all mankind. The world might not be avery good place, but science would make it better. And it did. In my lifetime, science has largely fulfilled its promise. Science has been the great intellectual adventure of our age, and a great hope for our troubled and restless world.

But I did not expect science merely to extend lifespan, feed the hungry, cure disease, and shrink the world with jets and cell phones. I also expected science to banish the evils of human thought—prejudice and superstition, irrational beliefs and false fears. I expected science to be, in Carl Sagan’s memorable phrase, "a candle in a demon haunted world." And here, I am not so pleased with the impact of science. Rather than serving as a cleansing force, science has in some instances been seduced by the more ancient lures of politics and publicity. Some of the demons that haunt our world in recent years are invented by scientists. The world has not benefited from permitting these demons to escape free.

But let’s look at how it came to pass.

Cast your minds back to 1960. John F. Kennedy is president, commercial jet airplanes are just appearing, the biggest university mainframes have 12K of memory. And in Green Bank, West Virginia at the new National Radio Astronomy Observatory, a young astrophysicist named Frank Drake runs a two week project called Ozma, to search for extraterrestrial signals. A signal is received, to great excitement. It turns out to be false, but the excitement remains. In 1960, Drake organizes the first SETI conference, and came up with the now-famous Drake equation:

N=N*fp ne fl fi fc fL

Where N is the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy; fp is the fraction with planets; ne is the number of planets per star capable of supporting life; fl is the fraction of planets where life evolves; fi is the fraction where intelligent life evolves; and fc is the fraction that communicates; and fL is the fraction of the planet’s life during which the communicating civilizations live.

This serious-looking equation gave SETI an serious footing as a legitimate intellectual inquiry. The problem, of course, is that none of the terms can be known, and most cannot even be estimated. The only way to work the equation is to fill in with guesses. And guesses-just so we’re clear-are merely expressions of prejudice. Nor can there be "informed guesses." If you need to state how many planets with life choose to communicate, there is simply no way to make an informed guess. It’s simply prejudice.

As a result, the Drake equation can have any value from "billions and billions" to zero. An expression that can mean anything means nothing. Speaking precisely, the Drake equation is literally meaningless, and has nothing to do with science. I take the hard view that science involves the creation of testable hypotheses. The Drake equation cannot be tested and therefore SETI is not science. SETI is unquestionably a religion. Faith is defined as the firm belief in something for which there is no proof. The belief that the Koran is the word of God is a matter of faith. The belief that God created the universe in seven days is a matter of faith. The belief that there are other life forms in the universe is a matter of faith. There is not a single shred of evidence for any other life forms, and in forty years of searching, none has been discovered. There is absolutely no evidentiary reason to maintain this belief. SETI is a religion.

One way to chart the cooling of enthusiasm is to review popular works on the subject. In 1964, at the height of SETI enthusiasm, Walter Sullivan of the NY Times wrote an exciting book about life in the universe entitled WE ARE NOT ALONE. By 1995, when Paul Davis wrote a book on the same subject, he titled it ARE WE ALONE? ( Since 1981, there have in fact been four books titled ARE WE ALONE.) More recently we have seen the rise of the so-called "Rare Earth" theory which suggests that we may, in fact, be all alone. Again, there is no evidence either way.

Back in the sixties, SETI had its critics, although not among astrophysicists and astronomers. The biologists and paleontologists were harshest. George Gaylord Simpson of Harvard sneered that SETI was a "study without a subject," and it remains so to the present day.

But scientists in general have been indulgent toward SETI, viewing it either with bemused tolerance, or with indifference. After all, what’s the big deal? It’s kind of fun. If people want to look, let them. Only a curmudgeon would speak harshly of SETI. It wasn’t worth the bother.

And of course it is true that untestable theories may have heuristic value. Of course extraterrestrials are a good way to teach science to kids. But that does not relieve us of the obligation to see the Drake equation clearly for what it is-pure speculation in quasi-scientific trappings.

The fact that the Drake equation was not greeted with screams of outrage-similar to the screams of outrage that greet each Creationist new claim, for example-meant that now there was a crack in the door, a loosening of the definition of what constituted legitimate scientific procedure. And soon enough, pernicious garbage began to squeeze through the cracks.

Now let’s jump ahead a decade to the 1970s, and Nuclear Winter.

In 1975, the National Academy of Sciences reported on "Long-Term Worldwide Effects of Multiple Nuclear Weapons Detonations" but the report estimated the effect of dust from nuclear blasts to be relatively minor. In 1979, the Office of Technology Assessment issued a report on "The Effects of Nuclear War" and stated that nuclear war could perhaps produce irreversible adverse consequences on the environment. However, because the scientific processes involved were poorly understood, the report stated it was not possible to estimate the probable magnitude of such damage.

Three years later, in 1982, the Swedish Academy of Sciences commissioned a report entitled "The Atmosphere after a Nuclear War: Twilight at Noon," which attempted to quantify the effect of smoke from burning forests and cities. The authors speculated that there would be so much smoke that a large cloud over the northern hemisphere would reduce incoming sunlight below the level required for photosynthesis, and that this would last for weeks or even longer.

The following year, five scientists including Richard Turco and Carl Sagan published a paper in Science called "Nuclear Winter: Global Consequences of Multiple Nuclear Explosions." This was the so-called TTAPS report, which attempted to quantify more rigorously the atmospheric effects, with the added credibility to be gained from an actual computer model of climate.

At the heart of the TTAPS undertaking was another equation, never specifically expressed, but one that could be paraphrased as follows:

Ds = Wn Ws Wh Tf Tb Pt Pr Pe etc

(The amount of tropospheric dust=# warheads x size warheads x warhead detonation height x flammability of targets x Target burn duration x Particles entering the Troposphere x Particle reflectivity x Particle enduranceand so on.)

The similarity to the Drake equation is striking. As with the Drake equation, none of the variables can be determined. None at all. The TTAPS study addressed this problem in part by mapping out different wartime scenarios and assigning numbers to some of the variables, but even so, the remaining variables were-and are-simply unknowable. Nobody knows how much smoke will be generated when cities burn, creating particles of what kind, and for how long. No one knows the effect of local weather conditions on the amount of particles that will be injected into the troposphere. No one knows how long the particles will remain in the troposphere. And so on.

And remember, this is only four years after the OTA study concluded that the underlying scientific processes were so poorly known that no estimates could be reliably made. Nevertheless, the TTAPS study not only made those estimates, but concluded they were catastrophic.

According to Sagan and his coworkers, even a limited 5,000 megaton nuclear exchange would cause a global temperature drop of more than 35 degrees Centigrade, and this change would last for three months. The greatest volcanic eruptions that we know of changed world temperatures somewhere between .5 and 2 degrees Centigrade. Ice ages changed global temperatures by 10 degrees. Here we have an estimated change three times greater than any ice age. One might expect it to be the subject of some dispute.

But Sagan and his coworkers were prepared, for nuclear winter was from the outset the subject of a well-orchestrated media campaign. The first announcement of nuclear winter appeared in an article by Sagan in the Sunday supplement, Parade. The very next day, a highly-publicized, high-profile conference on the long-term consequences of nuclear war was held in Washington, chaired by Carl Sagan and Paul Ehrlich, the most famous and media-savvy scientists of their generation. Sagan appeared on the Johnny Carson show 40 times. Ehrlich was on 25 times. Following the conference, there were press conferences, meetings with congressmen, and so on. The formal papers in Science came months later.

This is not the way science is done, it is the way products are sold.

The real nature of the conference is indicated by these artists’ renderings of the the effect of nuclear winter.

I cannot help but quote the caption for figure 5: "Shown here is a tranquil scene in the north woods. A beaver has just completed its dam, two black bears forage for food, a swallow-tailed butterfly flutters in the foreground, a loon swims quietly by, and a kingfisher searches for a tasty fish." Hard science if ever there was.

At the conference in Washington, during the question period, Ehrlich was reminded that after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, scientists were quoted as saying nothing would grow there for 75 years, but in fact melons were growing the next year. So, he was asked, how accurate were these findings now?

Ehrlich answered by saying "I think they are extremely robust. Scientists may have made statements like that, although I cannot imagine what their basis would have been, even with the state of science at that time, but scientists are always making absurd statements, individually, in various places. What we are doing here, however, is presenting a consensus of a very large group of scientists"

I want to pause here and talk about this notion of consensus, and the rise of what has been called consensus science. I regard consensus science as an extremely pernicious development that ought to be stopped cold in its tracks. Historically, the claim of consensus has been the first refuge of scoundrels; it is a way to avoid debate by claiming that the matter is already settled. Whenever you hear the consensus of scientists agrees on something or other, reach for your wallet, because you’re being had.

Let’s be clear: the work of science has nothing whatever to do with consensus. Consensus is the business of politics. Science, on the contrary, requires only one investigator who happens to be right, which means that he or she has results that are verifiable by reference to the real world. In science consensus is irrelevant. What is relevant is reproducible results. The greatest scientists in history are great precisely because they broke with the consensus.

There is no such thing as consensus science. If it’s consensus, it isn’t science. If it’s science, it isn’t consensus. Period.

In addition, let me remind you that the track record of the consensus is nothing to be proud of. Let’s review a few cases.

In past centuries, the greatest killer of women was fever following childbirth . One woman in six died of this fever. In 1795, Alexander Gordon of Aberdeen suggested that the fevers were infectious processes, and he was able to cure them. The consensus said no. In 1843, Oliver Wendell Holmes claimed puerperal fever was contagious, and presented compellng evidence. The consensus said no. In 1849, Semmelweiss demonstrated that sanitary techniques virtually eliminated puerperal fever in hospitals under his management. The consensus said he was a Jew, ignored him, and dismissed him from his post. There was in fact no agreement on puerperal fever until the start of the twentieth century. Thus the consensus took one hundred and twenty five years to arrive at the right conclusion despite the efforts of the prominent "skeptics" around the world, skeptics who were demeaned and ignored. And despite the constant ongoing deaths of women.

There is no shortage of other examples. In the 1920s in America, tens of thousands of people, mostly poor, were dying of a disease called pellagra. The consensus of scientists said it was infectious, and what was necessary was to find the "pellagra germ." The US government asked a brilliant young investigator, Dr. Joseph Goldberger, to find the cause. Goldberger concluded that diet was the crucial factor. The consensus remained wedded to the germ theory. Goldberger demonstrated that he could induce the disease through diet. He demonstrated that the disease was not infectious by injecting the blood of a pellagra patient into himself, and his assistant. They and other volunteers swabbed their noses with swabs from pellagra patients, and swallowed capsules containing scabs from pellagra rashes in what were called "Goldberger’s filth parties." Nobody contracted pellagra. The consensus continued to disagree with him. There was, in addition, a social factor-southern States disliked the idea of poor diet as the cause, because it meant that social reform was required. They continued to deny it until the 1920s. Result-despite a twentieth century epidemic, the consensus took years to see the light.

Probably every schoolchild notices that South America and Africa seem to fit together rather snugly, and Alfred Wegener proposed, in 1912, that the continents had in fact drifted apart. The consensus sneered at continental drift for fifty years. The theory was most vigorously denied by the great names of geology-until 1961, when it began to seem as if the sea floors were spreading. The result: it took the consensus fifty years to acknowledge what any schoolchild sees.

And shall we go on? The examples can be multiplied endlessly. Jenner and smallpox, Pasteur and germ theory. Saccharine, margarine, repressed memory, fiber and colon cancer, hormone replacement therap6ythe list of consensus errors goes on and on.

Finally, I would remind you to notice where the claim of consensus is invoked. Consensus is invoked only in situations where the science is not solid enough. Nobody says the consensus of scientists agrees that E=mc2. Nobody says the consensus is that the sun is 93 million miles away. It would never occur to anyone to speak that way.

But back to our main subject.

What I have been suggesting to you is that nuclear winter was a meaningless formula, tricked out with bad science, for policy ends. It was political from the beginning, promoted in a well-orchestrated media campaign that had to be planned weeks or months in advance.

Further evidence of the political nature of the whole project can be found in the response to criticism. Although Richard Feynman was characteristically blunt, saying, "I really don’t think these guys know what they’re talking about," other prominent scientists were noticeably reticent. Freeman Dyson was quoted as saying "It’s an absolutely atrocious piece of science butwho wants to be accused of being in favor of nuclear war?" And Victor Weisskopf said, "The science is terrible but—perhaps the psychology is good." The nuclear winter team followed up the publication of such comments with letters to the editors denying that these statements were ever made, though the scientists since then have subsequently confirmed their views.

At the time, there was a concerted desire on the part of lots of people to avoid nuclear war. If nuclear winter looked awful, why investigate too closely? Who wanted to disagree? Only people like Edward Teller, the "father of the H bomb."

Teller said, "While it is generally recognized that details are still uncertain and deserve much more study, Dr. Sagan nevertheless has taken the position that the whole scenario is so robust that there can be little doubt about its main conclusions." Yet for most people, the fact that nuclear winter was a scenario riddled with uncertainties did not seem to be relevant.

I say it is hugely relevant. Once you abandon strict adherence to what science tells us, once you start arranging the truth in a press conference, then anything is possible. In one context, maybe you will get some mobilization against nuclear war. But in another context, you get Lysenkoism. In another, you get Nazi euthanasia. The danger is always there, if you subvert science to political ends.

That is why it is so important for the future of science that the line between what science can say with certainty, and what it cannot, be drawn clearly-and defended.

What happened to Nuclear Winter? As the media glare faded, its robust scenario appeared less persuasive; John Maddox, editor of Nature, repeatedly criticized its claims; within a year, Stephen Schneider, one of the leading figures in the climate model, began to speak of "nuclear autumn." It just didn’t have the same ring.

A final media embarrassment came in 1991, when Carl Sagan predicted on Nightline that Kuwaiti oil fires would produce a nuclear winter effect, causing a "year without a summer," and endangering crops around the world. Sagan stressed this outcome was so likely that "it should affect the war plans." None of it happened.

What, then, can we say were the lessons of Nuclear Winter? I believe the lesson was that with a catchy name, a strong policy position and an aggressive media campaign, nobody will dare to criticize the science, and in short order, a terminally weak thesis will be established as fact. After that, any criticism becomes beside the point. The war is already over without a shot being fired. That was the lesson, and we had a textbook application soon afterward, with second hand smoke.

In 1993, the EPA announced that second-hand smoke was "responsible for approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths each year in nonsmoking adults," and that it " impairs the respiratory health of hundreds of thousands of people." In a 1994 pamphlet the EPA said that the eleven studies it based its decision on were not by themselves conclusive, and that they collectively assigned second-hand smoke a risk factor of 1.19. (For reference, a risk factor below 3.0 is too small for action by the EPA. or for publication in the New England Journal of Medicine, for example.) Furthermore, since there was no statistical association at the 95% confidence limits, the EPA lowered the limit to 90%. They then classified second hand smoke as a Group A Carcinogen.

This was openly fraudulent science, but it formed the basis for bans on smoking in restaurants, offices, and airports. California banned public smoking in 1995. Soon, no claim was too extreme. By 1998, the Christian Science Monitor was saying that "Second-hand smoke is the nation’s third-leading preventable cause of death." The American Cancer Society announced that 53,000 people died each year of second-hand smoke. The evidence for this claim is nonexistent.

In 1998, a Federal judge held that the EPA had acted improperly, had "committed to a conclusion before research had begun", and had "disregarded information and made findings on selective information." The reaction of Carol Browner, head of the EPA was: "We stand by our science.there’s wide agreement. The American people certainly recognize that exposure to second hand smoke bringsa whole host of health problems." Again, note how the claim of consensus trumps science. In this case, it isn’t even a consensus of scientists that Browner evokes! It’s the consensus of the American people.

Meanwhile, ever-larger studies failed to confirm any association. A large, seven-country WHO study in 1998 found no association. Nor have well-controlled subsequent studies, to my knowledge. Yet we now read, for example, that second hand smoke is a cause of breast cancer. At this point you can say pretty much anything you want about second-hand smoke.

As with nuclear winter, bad science is used to promote what most people would consider good policy. I certainly think it is. I don’t want people smoking around me. So who will speak out against banning second-hand smoke? Nobody, and if you do, you’ll be branded a shill of RJ Reynolds. A big tobacco flunky. But the truth is that we now have a social policy supported by the grossest of superstitions. And we’ve given the EPA a bad lesson in how to behave in the future. We’ve told them that cheating is the way to succeed.

As the twentieth century drew to a close, the connection between hard scientific fact and public policy became increasingly elastic. In part this was possible because of the complacency of the scientific profession; in part because of the lack of good science education among the public; in part, because of the rise of specialized advocacy groups which have been enormously effective in getting publicity and shaping policy; and in great part because of the decline of the media as an independent assessor of fact. The deterioration of the American media is dire loss for our country. When distinguished institutions like the New York Times can no longer differentiate between factual content and editorial opinion, but rather mix both freely on their front page, then who will hold anyone to a higher standard?

And so, in this elastic anything-goes world where science-or non-science-is the hand maiden of questionable public policy, we arrive at last at global warming. It is not my purpose here to rehash the details of this most magnificent of the demons haunting the world. I would just remind you of the now-familiar pattern by which these things are established. Evidentiary uncertainties are glossed over in the unseemly rush for an overarching policy, and for grants to support the policy by delivering findings that are desired by the patron. Next, the isolation of those scientists who won’t get with the program, and the characterization of those scientists as outsiders and "skeptics" in quotation marks-suspect individuals with suspect motives, industry flunkies, reactionaries, or simply anti-environmental nutcases. In short order, debate ends, even though prominent scientists are uncomfortable about how things are being done.

When did "skeptic" become a dirty word in science? When did a skeptic require quotation marks around it?

To an outsider, the most significant innovation in the global warming controversy is the overt reliance that is being placed on models. Back in the days of nuclear winter, computer models were invoked to add weight to a conclusion: "These results are derived with the help of a computer model." But now large-scale computer models are seen as generating data in themselves. No longer are models judged by how well they reproduce data from the real world-increasingly, models provide the data. As if they were themselves a reality. And indeed they are, when we are projecting forward. There can be no observational data about the year 2100. There are only model runs.

This fascination with computer models is something I understand very well. Richard Feynmann called it a disease. I fear he is right. Because only if you spend a lot of time looking at a computer screen can you arrive at the complex point where the global warming debate now stands.

Nobody believes a weather prediction twelve hours ahead. Now we’re asked to believe a prediction that goes out 100 years into the future? And make financial investments based on that prediction? Has everybody lost their minds?

Stepping back, I have to say the arrogance of the modelmakers is breathtaking. There have been, in every century, scientists who say they know it all. Since climate may be a chaotic system-no one is sure-these predictions are inherently doubtful, to be polite. But more to the point, even if the models get the science spot-on, they can never get the sociology. To predict anything about the world a hundred years from now is simply absurd.

Look: If I was selling stock in a company that I told you would be profitable in 2100, would you buy it? Or would you think the idea was so crazy that it must be a scam?

Let’s think back to people in 1900 in, say, New York. If they worried about people in 2000, what would they worry about? Probably: Where would people get enough horses? And what would they do about all the horseshit? Horse pollution was bad in 1900, think how much worse it would be a century later, with so many more people riding horses?

But of course, within a few years, nobody rode horses except for sport. And in 2000, France was getting 80% its power from an energy source that was unknown in 1900. Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and Japan were getting more than 30% from this source, unknown in 1900. Remember, people in 1900 didn’t know what an atom was. They didn’t know its structure. They also didn’t know what a radio was, or an airport, or a movie, or a television, or a computer, or a cell phone, or a jet, an antibiotic, a rocket, a satellite, an MRI, ICU, IUD, IBM, IRA, ERA, EEG, EPA, IRS, DOD, PCP, HTML, internet. interferon, instant replay, remote sensing, remote control, speed dialing, gene therapy, gene splicing, genes, spot welding, heat-seeking, bipolar, prozac, leotards, lap dancing, email, tape recorder, CDs, airbags, plastic explosive, plastic, robots, cars, liposuction, transduction, superconduction, dish antennas, step aerobics, smoothies, twelve-step, ultrasound, nylon, rayon, teflon, fiber optics, carpal tunnel, laser surgery, laparoscopy, corneal transplant, kidney transplant, AIDS None of this would have meant anything to a person in the year 1900. They wouldn’t know what you are talking about.

Now. You tell me you can predict the world of 2100. Tell me it’s even worth thinking about. Our models just carry the present into the future. They’re bound to be wrong. Everybody who gives a moment’s thought knows it.

I remind you that in the lifetime of most scientists now living, we have already had an example of dire predictions set aside by new technology. I refer to the green revolution. In 1960, Paul Ehrlich said, "The battle to feed humanity is over. In the 1970s the world will undergo famines-hundreds of millions of people are going to starve to death." Ten years later, he predicted four billion people would die during the 1980s, including 65 million Americans. The mass starvation that was predicted never occurred, and it now seems it isn’t ever going to happen. Nor is the population explosion going to reach the numbers predicted even ten years ago. In 1990, climate modelers anticipated a world population of 11 billion by 2100. Today, some people think the correct number will be 7 billion and falling. But nobody knows for sure.

But it is impossible to ignore how closely the history of global warming fits on the previous template for nuclear winter. Just as the earliest studies of nuclear winter stated that the uncertainties were so great that probabilites could never be known, so, too the first pronouncements on global warming argued strong limits on what could be determined with certainty about climate change. The 1995 IPCC draft report said, "Any claims of positive detection of significant climate change are likely to remain controversial until uncertainties in the total natural variability of the climate system are reduced." It also said, "No study to date has positively attributed all or part of observed climate changes to anthropogenic causes." Those statements were removed, and in their place appeared: "The balance of evidence suggests a discernable human influence on climate."

What is clear, however, is that on this issue, science and policy have become inextricably mixed to the point where it will be difficult, if not impossible, to separate them out. It is possible for an outside observer to ask serious questions about the conduct of investigations into global warming, such as whether we are taking appropriate steps to improve the quality of our observational data records, whether we are systematically obtaining the information that will clarify existing uncertainties, whether we have any organized disinterested mechanism to direct research in this contentious area.

The answer to all these questions is no. We don’t.

In trying to think about how these questions can be resolved, it occurs to me that in the progression from SETI to nuclear winter to second hand smoke to global warming, we have one clear message, and that is that we can expect more and more problems of public policy dealing with technical issues in the future-problems of ever greater seriousness, where people care passionately on all sides.

And at the moment we have no mechanism to get good answers. So I will propose one.

Just as we have established a tradition of double-blinded research to determine drug efficacy, we must institute double-blinded research in other policy areas as well. Certainly the increased use of computer models, such as GCMs, cries out for the separation of those who make the models from those who verify them. The fact is that the present structure of science is entrepeneurial, with individual investigative teams vying for funding from organizations which all too often have a clear stake in the outcome of the research-or appear to, which may be just as bad. This is not healthy for science.

Sooner or later, we must form an independent research institute in this country. It must be funded by industry, by government, and by private philanthropy, both individuals and trusts. The money must be pooled, so that investigators do not know who is paying them. The institute must fund more than one team to do research in a particular area, and the verification of results will be a foregone requirement: teams will know their results will be checked by other groups. In many cases, those who decide how to gather the data will not gather it, and those who gather the data will not analyze it. If we were to address the land temperature records with such rigor, we would be well on our way to an understanding of exactly how much faith we can place in global warming, and therefore what seriousness we must address this.

I believe that as we come to the end of this litany, some of you may be saying, well what is the big deal, really. So we made a few mistakes. So a few scientists have overstated their cases and have egg on their faces. So what.

Well, I’ll tell you.

In recent years, much has been said about the post modernist claims about science to the effect that science is just another form of raw power, tricked out in special claims for truth-seeking and objectivity that really have no basis in fact. Science, we are told, is no better than any other undertaking. These ideas anger many scientists, and they anger me. But recent events have made me wonder if they are correct. We can take as an example the scientific reception accorded a Danish statistician, Bjorn Lomborg, who wrote a book called The Skeptical Environmentalist.

The scientific community responded in a way that can only be described as disgraceful. In professional literature, it was complained he had no standing because he was not an earth scientist. His publisher, Cambridge University Press, was attacked with cries that the editor should be fired, and that all right-thinking scientists should shun the press. The past president of the AAAS wondered aloud how Cambridge could have ever "published a book that so clearly could never have passed peer review." )But of course the manuscript did pass peer review by three earth scientists on both sides of the Atlantic, and all recommended publication.) But what are scientists doing attacking a press? Is this the new McCarthyism-coming from scientists?

Worst of all was the behavior of the Scientific American, which seemed intent on proving the post-modernist point that it was all about power, not facts. The Scientific American attacked Lomborg for eleven pages, yet only came up with nine factual errors despite their assertion that the book was "rife with careless mistakes." It was a poor display featuring vicious ad hominem attacks, including comparing him to a Holocust denier. The issue was captioned: "Science defends itself against the Skeptical Environmentalist." Really. Science has to defend itself? Is this what we have come to?

When Lomborg asked for space to rebut his critics, he was given only a page and a half. When he said it wasn’t enough, he put the critics’ essays on his web page and answered them in detail. Scientific American threatened copyright infringement and made him take the pages down.

Further attacks since have made it clear what is going on. Lomborg is charged with heresy. That’s why none of his critics needs to substantiate their attacks in any detail. That’s why the facts don’t matter. That’s why they can attack him in the most vicious personal terms. He’s a heretic.

Of course, any scientist can be charged as Galileo was charged. I just never thought I’d see the Scientific American in the role of mother church.

Is this what science has become? I hope not. But it is what it will become, unless there is a concerted effort by leading scientists to aggressively separate science from policy. The late Philip Handler, former president of the National Academy of Sciences, said that "Scientists best serve public policy by living within the ethics of science, not those of politics. If the scientific community will not unfrock the charlatans, the public will not discern the difference-science and the nation will suffer." Personally, I don’t worry about the nation. But I do worry about science.

Thank you very much.

Nope!!!!!

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